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In source criticism, circular reporting or false confirmation is a situation where a piece of information appears to come from multiple independent sources, but in fact is coming from only one source.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Cocktail Napkin Plan for Regime Change in Iran )〕 In most cases, the problem happens mistakenly through sloppy intelligence gathering practices, but in a few cases, the situation was believed to have been intentionally caused by the original source.〔 (Google Book search ), retrieved on 23 July 2009.〕 This problem occurs in variety of fields, including intelligence gathering,〔 journalism, and scholarly research. It is of particular concern in military intelligence because the original source has a higher likelihood of wanting to pass on misinformation, and because the chain of reporting is more prone to being obscured. Wikipedia is sometimes criticized for being used as a source of circular reporting. Wikipedia advises all researchers and journalists to be wary of using Wikipedia as a direct source, and instead focus on verifiable information found in an article's cited references. ==Specific examples== thumb In the following examples, false claims were made due to circular reporting: * The 2002 Niger uranium forgeries. * Wikipedia and ''Der Spiegel'' in 2009, regarding Karl-Theodor Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=False Fact On Wikipedia Proves Itself )〕 * Wikipedia and ''The Independent'' in 2007, propagating the false information that Sacha Baron Cohen worked at Goldman Sachs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Wikipedia Article creates Circular references )〕 * Wikipedia and coati beginning in 2008, when an arbitrary addition "also known as....the Brazilian aardvark" by an American student resulted in many subsequently citing and using that unsubstantiated nickname as part of the general consensus, including published articles in ''The Independent'', ''The Daily Mail'', and a book published by the University of Chicago.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=How a Raccoon Became an Aardvark )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Circular reporting」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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